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Download or edit the free picture \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a for GIMP online editor. It is an image that is valid for other graphic or photo editors in OffiDocs such as Inkscape online and OpenOffice Draw online or LibreOffice online by OffiDocs.

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\u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641. (Law, 2008).

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1\u2013 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629.

2- \u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629.

3- \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u062c.

4- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627
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5- \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649
\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627.

6- \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629
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\u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.

\u0648\u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629
\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u062a\u0649
\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644
\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a.
\u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (FRA2005:187-93) \u0625\u0644\u0649:

1- \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a Meta explanations: \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629
\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0641\u064a
\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629). \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a.

2- \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 Contextual: \u0648\u062a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a
\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.

3- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649\u201d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628
\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a.

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f
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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f
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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646.

\u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629
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\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0622\u062e\u0631.

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a
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\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629.

\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627: \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a
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\u0639\u0627\u0645 2007\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062a\u064a:

\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621
\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 (David Gadd et al, 2005: 9). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629
\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646: \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629\u060c
\u0648\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636
\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062d\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a (David Gadd et al,
2005: 9).

\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646). \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636
\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u0644 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c
\u0648\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642. \u0648\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644
\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627.

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a

\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629
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\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a:

• \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644
  \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a.



• \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b
  \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629.
  \u0648\u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628
  \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a.



• \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629
  \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644
  \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a.



• \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0646\u064a
  \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.



• \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646
  \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621
  \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633. \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a
  \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a
  \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.



• \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642
  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629
  \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.



• \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0626\u0629
  \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0636\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644.
  \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621. \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646
  \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0629.



• \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629
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  \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.



• \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f\u064a\u0646: \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644
  \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633
  \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a.



• \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647
  \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a: \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641
  \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a.



• \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631
  \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637
  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a.

\u0648\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a
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\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0643\u0644\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643
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\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641.

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639

\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a
\u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Law 2007). \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621
\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u201c\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0646 Michael Mann 2005\u201d. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a
\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629
\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629.

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0644\u0640 \u201c\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u201d \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629
(\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 1986- \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a 1993- \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645
2005 \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u201c\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u201d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635
\u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c
\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:

\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a

\u00b7
\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a: \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627
\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.

\u00b7
\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628: \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0647\u0645.

\u00b7
\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a: \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0639.

\u00b7
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629: \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0627.

\u00b7
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0627.

\u00b7
\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629: \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0635\u0648\u0627\u0628.

\u00b7
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629/ \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629/ \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643.

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629.

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\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u201c\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631\u201d \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 Value-rational action (1987: I, 25). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a \u201c\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 Sarah Isal 2005\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u201c\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629\u201d. \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629
\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b
\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0629.

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\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0646.

\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628

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\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (Gadd et al 2005) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629
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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629.

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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a

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\u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648. \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a
\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0647\u0627
\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627
\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0647\u0634\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629
\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627
\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0647. \u201cRay and Smith, 2004\u201d. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a
\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621.

\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u201cGadd et al, 2005\u201d \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0632\u0639\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646
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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062d\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u201cBowling and Philips
2002: 117\u201d.

\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629
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\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631
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\u064a\u0644\u064a:

• \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0631
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  300 \u0625\u0644\u0649 400 \u0634\u062e\u0635.



• \u0642\u0648\u0629
  \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641.



• \u0641\u0634\u0644
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• \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f
  \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644
  \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.

\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 Anti-Semitism

\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0636\u062f
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\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629
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\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062a \u201cFRA, 2004\u201d. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631
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\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u062c\u0628
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\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631
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\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631
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\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b
\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u201cHirsh 2007\u201d.

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a
\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629

\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627
\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2007\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629
\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064b\u0627.

\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627: \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649
\u0639\u0627\u0645 2007 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0628\u062f\u0621
\u0631\u0635\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1984\u0645\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 114 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.

\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643
\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 37%
\u0644\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 43 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a 2006 \u0625\u0644\u0649 59 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a 2007.

\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627: \u0631\u0635\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062b \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 11.4% \u0641\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2006 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2007\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b
\u0631\u0635\u062f\u062a 1042 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2007\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0635\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2003 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f 584
\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629.

\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627: \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u201c\u0635\u0648\u0641\u0627 SOVA\u201d \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a
\u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2007\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0631\u0635\u062f\u062a 9 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0636\u062f 13 \u0634\u062e\u0635
\u0639\u0627\u0645 2007.

\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0631\u0635\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629
\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2007\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0628
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629.

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u201c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u062b\u201d \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629
\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 11.8% \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c
\u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0646 510 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629
\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2006 \u0625\u0644\u0649 578 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2007\u0645. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629
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\u0625\u0644\u0649 51 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a 2007 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a 17 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a 2006\u0645.

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\u0625\u0644\u0649 2005 \u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2005 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f
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monitoring system

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