EADWEARD JAMES MUYBRIDGE - THE ZOOPRAXISCOPE 1879
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Muybridge
publishes his 100,000 plus photos in 'Animal Locomotion-
An Electro-photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Animal
Movements'. There were over seven hundred plates, all folio-sized,
in eleven volumes.
publishes his 100,000 plus photos in 'Animal Locomotion-
An Electro-photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Animal
Movements'. There were over seven hundred plates, all folio-sized,
in eleven volumes.
This work is today a reference source in motion
study and is considered the most exhaustive analysis ever made of
the subject.
study and is considered the most exhaustive analysis ever made of
the subject.
When seen through the Zoopraxiscope
(as early as 1879), Muybridge's photographs are without
debate, the world's first motion pictures. Men, women, children
and animals are seen as in true motion, resembling nothing less
in quality or appearance than the earliest works of the Lumiere's
in 1895. Muybridge's final accomplishment was without Celluloid,
yet fluid, preceding the commercial films of the 1890's by at least
16 years.
(as early as 1879), Muybridge's photographs are without
debate, the world's first motion pictures. Men, women, children
and animals are seen as in true motion, resembling nothing less
in quality or appearance than the earliest works of the Lumiere's
in 1895. Muybridge's final accomplishment was without Celluloid,
yet fluid, preceding the commercial films of the 1890's by at least
16 years.
When considering the fact that there are 172,800 + frames
in a typical two hour film of today, Muybridge's 20,000 pictures,
if shown consecutively (impossible with the Zoopraxiscope)
would provide a film of approximately 13+ minutes in length. In
comparison, The Great Train Robbery of 1912 (Edwin
Porter) was 12 minutes, and Chaplin's Behind the Screen
of 1916, was 15 minutes. Muybridge of course, was not using Celluloid.
in a typical two hour film of today, Muybridge's 20,000 pictures,
if shown consecutively (impossible with the Zoopraxiscope)
would provide a film of approximately 13+ minutes in length. In
comparison, The Great Train Robbery of 1912 (Edwin
Porter) was 12 minutes, and Chaplin's Behind the Screen
of 1916, was 15 minutes. Muybridge of course, was not using Celluloid.
1866
EADWEARD JAMES MUYBRIDGE (1830 - 1904)
Born as Edward James Muggeridge, Muybridge sails to the United States in 1852 and opens a bookstore in San Francisco shortly thereafter. After a head injury and recuperation period in England, he sailed to America again and began photographing western landmarks. One such series of photographs was of the Yosemite Valley, which he sold under the pseudonym Helios, The Flying Camera (Helios being Greek for Sun). Muybridge would become a major player in the story of the discovery of motion pictures. Muybridge's first photographs were taken using the Wet-Collodion process.
1872
EADWEARD JAMES MUYBRIDGE (1830 - 1904)
Muybridge uses a battery of 24 cameras to photograph a race horse owned by California Governor Leland Stanford. The resulting 24 pictures taken as the trotting horse raced past, was the beginning of what would become known as stop-action series photography.
Muybridge would continue the study of motion and the theory of locomotion using animals, and later, humans. Muybridge's investigations into the gate of a horse at the Sacramento racetrack were inconclusive.
1873
EADWEARD JAMES MUYBRIDGE (1830 - 1904)
Muybridge publishes over 2,000 photographs of the far western U.S. in his 'Catalogue of Photographic Views'. His photos showed famous American landmarks in their pristine state.
In April of 1873 the Daily Alta California reported that Muybridge had photographed the horse \u2018Occident\u2019, owned by Governor Leland Stanford. The newspaper stated in the story that Muybridge's photographs had in fact shown the animal "frozen" in mid stride. Word will quickly spread around the U.S. and then the world, of what Muybridge's work was actually proving - that horses leave the ground, and that recorded motion was possible.
One set of stop-action-series photographs by Muybridge shows the horse in a full gallop - "a perfect likeness". Watch for the shadow against the wall.
Without identifying Muybridge by name, the New York Times will report in May of 1873 that;
"A San Francisco photographer is declared to have obtained a perfect likeness of the horse Occident going at full speed."
Muybridge had taken a path that would lead directly towards an art form that would cause landscape photography to pale in comparison. No one had ever seen anything like this before.
Stanford and Muybridge had discussed the idea of a horse's legs being off the ground or not, when trotting. To prove conclusively the truth, Muybridge rigged his cameras to photograph in stop-action, a series of pictures which showed that in fact, the four hooves did leave the ground at one point, at the same time. The cameras had been set along the track on the outer rim, with triggered shutters set at appropriate intervals. The horse was 40 feet from the camera and the exposure was 1/1000 of a second. The exposure was triggered electro-magnetically using wires across the track. This event has gone down in history as one of the most important moments in the story of moving picture development. The series was published later in 1881 under the title 'Attitudes of Animals in Motion'. A patent was granted for this method of stop-action series photography in 1897.
Stanford's superb trotter, 'Occident' is the subject of the photos taken at the Palo Alta track and is from the 1881 published series. At the time these photos were taken, Occident was traveling 22 1/2 mph.
1879
EADWEARD JAMES MUYBRIDGE (1830 - 1904)
The Zoopraxiscope, a moving picture projector, is designed and introduced by Muybridge. He will take it on tour with him in the upcoming years to use in his lectures, namely, Paris in 1881 and 1882. Upon his return to America the University of Pennsylvania granted him funds in the amount of $5,000 to advance his research in stop-action series photography [final costs would almost reach $40,000]. Between the years 1883-1885, Muybridge took more than 100,000 photographs, which would later be published in 1887. The Zoopraxiscope operated by projecting images drawn from photographs (by Faber and Eakins), rapidly and in succession onto the screen. The photographs were painted onto a glass disc [even though Langenheim's Hyalotype process allowed photographs to be copied onto glass] which rotated, thereby producing the illusion of motion. From this point forward in time, Muybridge's work began to clearly show that the possibility of actual moving pictures or cine-photography, was a reality and not far from perfection.
We highly recommend The University Archives and Records Center - Guide to the Eadweard Muybridge Collection at The University Of Pennsylvania.
The Muybridge Zoopraxiscope used images drawn from Muybridge's stop-action-series photographs. They were initially drawn by Erwin Faber, and later by Thomas Eakins. The disk was rotated between light and lens and thereby provided a sense of motion. This "wonderful California horse story" was reported in the Palo 'Alta' ;
"Mr. Muybridge has laid the foundation of a new method of entertaining the people, and we predict that his instantaneous photographic, magic-lantern zoetrope will make the round of the civilized world."
Like Edison, Muybridge had produced his own photographs for the purpose of creating motion on a screen. Cine-photography had become a reality. The animation of Sallie Gardner is from a proof sheet, taken of the horse on June 19, 1878.
GO TO
https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-history/muybridge
To see The University Archives and Records Center - Guide to the Eadweard Muybridge Collection at The University Of Pennsylvania
GO TO
https://www.instructables.com/id/Eadweard-Muybridge-Experiment/
To see a 'Street Zoopraxiscope' in action in an urban landscape.
Once again, the pictures never move. There are no glass plates and no machine. Just photos of the Muybridge horse and you in your car.
1881
EADWEARD JAMES MUYBRIDGE (1830 - 1904) and ETIENNE-JULES MAREY (1830 - 1904)
These men unite in Paris to begin collaborating in the study of motion. Muybridge had by now, constructed a series of pictures depicting motion by the use of a single camera. He then alongside Marey, shows these photos using a Uchatius lantern and could possibly have acquired picture-motion this way. The Zoopraxiscope has been, albeit rarely, called the Zoogyroscope as well. One such instance was a write-up from in Cassiers's Magazine of 1881 in which we read ;
"Readers may remember that a good deal of interest was excited here and elsewhere not very long ago, by the publication of photographs and engravings illustrating the various motions of a trotting horse. Since these instantaneous photographs were taken, an instrument called the ZOOGYROSCOPE has been invented for the purpose of imparting something of a lifelike character to the pictorial representation in question. Mr. Muybridge, the inventor, describes it as a circular glass bearing a series of photographs of the animal to be represented in motion. As the glass is turned, the photographs, which are successively illuminated by an oxy-hydrogen lantern, throw upon the screen a single, continuous, yet ever-changing picture, which is considered to be so admirable an imitation of the real-live horse, that nothing but the clatter of the hoofs and the breath of the nostrils is wanted to render the delusion complete. The Zoogyroscope can, it is scarcely necessary to add, be applied to photographs of other animals beside the horse.
1882
EADWEARD JAMES MUYBRIDGE (1830 - 1904)
Muybridge states with all enthusiasm regarding horse races, that "no race of any importance will be undertaken without the assistance of photography to determine the winner . . . . . In an important race the decision of the camera would be preferred to that of the judges." Six years later it came true. Ernest Marks, official photographer for the Plainfield Racing Association in New Jersey, provided positive photographs within minutes of the finish.
1883
THOMAS ALVA EDISON (1847 - 1931) and EADWEARD JAMES MUYBRIDGE (1830 - 1904)
The first of two known meetings between these two men (the second is in 1888) to consider the combining of Muybridge's Zoopraxiscope for vision, and Edisonâ's Phonograph for audio, thereby providing the initial steps needed to produce a complete episode of natural motion with sound.
1884
EADWEARD JAMES MUYBRIDGE (1830 - 1904)
One of Muybridge's busiest years came in 1884 as he produced more than 100,000 plates of humans and animals in a countless variety of motions. His work was conducted now at the University of Pennsylvania with a number of different set-ups; three batteries totaling twelve cameras; forty cameras equipped with a Dallmeyer lens and electro-magnetic shutter. By now, Muybridge was using the newer gelatino-bromide plates. By the end of 1885, Muybridge had spent over $30,000 in research. The work was published as Animal Locomotion; An Electro-Photographic Investigation Of Consecutive Phases Of Animal Movement. It had a chrono-text by a physiologist of the University.
Muybridge's photo-plates ranged in size from 12 x 9 inches to 6 x 18 inches. The eleven folio volumes contained over 20,000 images of men and women (some nudes), children and animals and sold for $600. A considerable amount at the time which therefore constricted its market to libraries, universities and scientists for the most part. Muybridge reduced the cost and content of the original work in 1898 to $100 with only the most important plates and photographs included. Two volumes, Animals In Motion and The Human Figure In Motion were sold.
1887
EADWEARD JAMES MUYBRIDGE (1830 - 1904)
Muybridge publishes his 100,000 plus photos in 'Animal Locomotion- An Electro-photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Animal Movements'. There were over seven hundred plates, all folio-sized, in eleven volumes. This work is today a reference source in motion study and is considered the most exhaustive analysis ever made of the subject. When seen through the Zoopraxiscope (as early as 1879), Muybridge's photographs are without debate, the world's first motion pictures. Men, women, children and animals are seen as in true motion, resembling nothing less in quality or appearance than the earliest works of the Lumiere's in 1895. Muybridge's final accomplishment was without Celluloid, yet fluid, preceding the commercial films of the 1890's by at least 16 years. When considering the fact that there are 172,800 + frames in a typical two hour film of today, Muybridge's 20,000 pictures, if shown consecutively (impossible with the Zoopraxiscope) would provide a film of approximately 13+ minutes in length. In comparison, The Great Train Robbery of 1912 (Edwin Porter) was 12 minutes, and Chaplin's Behind the Screen of 1916, was 15 minutes. Muybridge of course, was not using Celluloid.
1888
THOMAS ALVA EDISON (1847-1931) and EADWEARD JAMES MUYBRIDGE (1830 - 1904)
Muybridge speaks with Edison again, about the possibility of amalgamating his Zoopraxiscope with Edisonâ's Phonograph in the hopes of producing sound pictures in the future. Edison was already considering this idea in his New Jersey laboratories however it would be another forty years before becoming a reality. Muybridge had been lecturing at Orange, New Jersey at the invitation of the New England Society. On the contrary, Edison disputes this mention, or at least his notes apparently did when it was found in them that Edison scratched out the words . . . . ."No --- Muybridge came to lab to show me picture of a horse in motion -- nothing was said about phonograph."
1893
EADWEARD JAMES MUYBRIDGE (1830 - 1904)
Muybridge attends the Columbian Exposition at Chicago and provides a work entitled 'Descriptive Zoopraxography'. The Zoopraxiscope is the star of the show as Muybridge presents his work at his Zoopraxigraphicall Hall.
ZOOPRAXISCOPE WALTZING COUPLE
The Zoopraxiscope operated by projecting images (drawn from photographs in some cases) rapidly and in succession onto the screen.
The photographs were painted onto a glass disc for the Zoopraxiscope (even though the Hallotype photographic process allowed photographs to be placed onto glass). When rotated and projected within the Zoopraxiscope the spinning disk provided an illusion of motion.
A fine example of the early purpose of the Zoopraxiscope was to distinguish motion by the use of individual images. Muybridge's Zoopraxiscope Plate Disks were hand painted by Thomas Eakins and also Erwin Faber.
1900
EADWEARD JAMES MUYBRIDGE (1830 - 1904)
Having returned to his native England, Muybridge bequeathed to the Kingston-on-Thames public library, his Zoopraxiscope, some lantern slides, some plates from his University of Pennsylvania days, and some cash.
EADWEARD JAMES MUYBRIDGE (1830 - 1904)
Born as Edward James Muggeridge, Muybridge sails to the United States in 1852 and opens a bookstore in San Francisco shortly thereafter. After a head injury and recuperation period in England, he sailed to America again and began photographing western landmarks. One such series of photographs was of the Yosemite Valley, which he sold under the pseudonym Helios, The Flying Camera (Helios being Greek for Sun). Muybridge would become a major player in the story of the discovery of motion pictures. Muybridge's first photographs were taken using the Wet-Collodion process.
1872
EADWEARD JAMES MUYBRIDGE (1830 - 1904)
Muybridge uses a battery of 24 cameras to photograph a race horse owned by California Governor Leland Stanford. The resulting 24 pictures taken as the trotting horse raced past, was the beginning of what would become known as stop-action series photography.
Muybridge would continue the study of motion and the theory of locomotion using animals, and later, humans. Muybridge's investigations into the gate of a horse at the Sacramento racetrack were inconclusive.
1873
EADWEARD JAMES MUYBRIDGE (1830 - 1904)
Muybridge publishes over 2,000 photographs of the far western U.S. in his 'Catalogue of Photographic Views'. His photos showed famous American landmarks in their pristine state.
In April of 1873 the Daily Alta California reported that Muybridge had photographed the horse \u2018Occident\u2019, owned by Governor Leland Stanford. The newspaper stated in the story that Muybridge's photographs had in fact shown the animal "frozen" in mid stride. Word will quickly spread around the U.S. and then the world, of what Muybridge's work was actually proving - that horses leave the ground, and that recorded motion was possible.
One set of stop-action-series photographs by Muybridge shows the horse in a full gallop - "a perfect likeness". Watch for the shadow against the wall.
Without identifying Muybridge by name, the New York Times will report in May of 1873 that;
"A San Francisco photographer is declared to have obtained a perfect likeness of the horse Occident going at full speed."
Muybridge had taken a path that would lead directly towards an art form that would cause landscape photography to pale in comparison. No one had ever seen anything like this before.
Stanford and Muybridge had discussed the idea of a horse's legs being off the ground or not, when trotting. To prove conclusively the truth, Muybridge rigged his cameras to photograph in stop-action, a series of pictures which showed that in fact, the four hooves did leave the ground at one point, at the same time. The cameras had been set along the track on the outer rim, with triggered shutters set at appropriate intervals. The horse was 40 feet from the camera and the exposure was 1/1000 of a second. The exposure was triggered electro-magnetically using wires across the track. This event has gone down in history as one of the most important moments in the story of moving picture development. The series was published later in 1881 under the title 'Attitudes of Animals in Motion'. A patent was granted for this method of stop-action series photography in 1897.
Stanford's superb trotter, 'Occident' is the subject of the photos taken at the Palo Alta track and is from the 1881 published series. At the time these photos were taken, Occident was traveling 22 1/2 mph.
1879
EADWEARD JAMES MUYBRIDGE (1830 - 1904)
The Zoopraxiscope, a moving picture projector, is designed and introduced by Muybridge. He will take it on tour with him in the upcoming years to use in his lectures, namely, Paris in 1881 and 1882. Upon his return to America the University of Pennsylvania granted him funds in the amount of $5,000 to advance his research in stop-action series photography [final costs would almost reach $40,000]. Between the years 1883-1885, Muybridge took more than 100,000 photographs, which would later be published in 1887. The Zoopraxiscope operated by projecting images drawn from photographs (by Faber and Eakins), rapidly and in succession onto the screen. The photographs were painted onto a glass disc [even though Langenheim's Hyalotype process allowed photographs to be copied onto glass] which rotated, thereby producing the illusion of motion. From this point forward in time, Muybridge's work began to clearly show that the possibility of actual moving pictures or cine-photography, was a reality and not far from perfection.
We highly recommend The University Archives and Records Center - Guide to the Eadweard Muybridge Collection at The University Of Pennsylvania.
The Muybridge Zoopraxiscope used images drawn from Muybridge's stop-action-series photographs. They were initially drawn by Erwin Faber, and later by Thomas Eakins. The disk was rotated between light and lens and thereby provided a sense of motion. This "wonderful California horse story" was reported in the Palo 'Alta' ;
"Mr. Muybridge has laid the foundation of a new method of entertaining the people, and we predict that his instantaneous photographic, magic-lantern zoetrope will make the round of the civilized world."
Like Edison, Muybridge had produced his own photographs for the purpose of creating motion on a screen. Cine-photography had become a reality. The animation of Sallie Gardner is from a proof sheet, taken of the horse on June 19, 1878.
GO TO
https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-history/muybridge
To see The University Archives and Records Center - Guide to the Eadweard Muybridge Collection at The University Of Pennsylvania
GO TO
https://www.instructables.com/id/Eadweard-Muybridge-Experiment/
To see a 'Street Zoopraxiscope' in action in an urban landscape.
Once again, the pictures never move. There are no glass plates and no machine. Just photos of the Muybridge horse and you in your car.
1881
EADWEARD JAMES MUYBRIDGE (1830 - 1904) and ETIENNE-JULES MAREY (1830 - 1904)
These men unite in Paris to begin collaborating in the study of motion. Muybridge had by now, constructed a series of pictures depicting motion by the use of a single camera. He then alongside Marey, shows these photos using a Uchatius lantern and could possibly have acquired picture-motion this way. The Zoopraxiscope has been, albeit rarely, called the Zoogyroscope as well. One such instance was a write-up from in Cassiers's Magazine of 1881 in which we read ;
"Readers may remember that a good deal of interest was excited here and elsewhere not very long ago, by the publication of photographs and engravings illustrating the various motions of a trotting horse. Since these instantaneous photographs were taken, an instrument called the ZOOGYROSCOPE has been invented for the purpose of imparting something of a lifelike character to the pictorial representation in question. Mr. Muybridge, the inventor, describes it as a circular glass bearing a series of photographs of the animal to be represented in motion. As the glass is turned, the photographs, which are successively illuminated by an oxy-hydrogen lantern, throw upon the screen a single, continuous, yet ever-changing picture, which is considered to be so admirable an imitation of the real-live horse, that nothing but the clatter of the hoofs and the breath of the nostrils is wanted to render the delusion complete. The Zoogyroscope can, it is scarcely necessary to add, be applied to photographs of other animals beside the horse.
1882
EADWEARD JAMES MUYBRIDGE (1830 - 1904)
Muybridge states with all enthusiasm regarding horse races, that "no race of any importance will be undertaken without the assistance of photography to determine the winner . . . . . In an important race the decision of the camera would be preferred to that of the judges." Six years later it came true. Ernest Marks, official photographer for the Plainfield Racing Association in New Jersey, provided positive photographs within minutes of the finish.
1883
THOMAS ALVA EDISON (1847 - 1931) and EADWEARD JAMES MUYBRIDGE (1830 - 1904)
The first of two known meetings between these two men (the second is in 1888) to consider the combining of Muybridge's Zoopraxiscope for vision, and Edisonâ's Phonograph for audio, thereby providing the initial steps needed to produce a complete episode of natural motion with sound.
1884
EADWEARD JAMES MUYBRIDGE (1830 - 1904)
One of Muybridge's busiest years came in 1884 as he produced more than 100,000 plates of humans and animals in a countless variety of motions. His work was conducted now at the University of Pennsylvania with a number of different set-ups; three batteries totaling twelve cameras; forty cameras equipped with a Dallmeyer lens and electro-magnetic shutter. By now, Muybridge was using the newer gelatino-bromide plates. By the end of 1885, Muybridge had spent over $30,000 in research. The work was published as Animal Locomotion; An Electro-Photographic Investigation Of Consecutive Phases Of Animal Movement. It had a chrono-text by a physiologist of the University.
Muybridge's photo-plates ranged in size from 12 x 9 inches to 6 x 18 inches. The eleven folio volumes contained over 20,000 images of men and women (some nudes), children and animals and sold for $600. A considerable amount at the time which therefore constricted its market to libraries, universities and scientists for the most part. Muybridge reduced the cost and content of the original work in 1898 to $100 with only the most important plates and photographs included. Two volumes, Animals In Motion and The Human Figure In Motion were sold.
1887
EADWEARD JAMES MUYBRIDGE (1830 - 1904)
Muybridge publishes his 100,000 plus photos in 'Animal Locomotion- An Electro-photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Animal Movements'. There were over seven hundred plates, all folio-sized, in eleven volumes. This work is today a reference source in motion study and is considered the most exhaustive analysis ever made of the subject. When seen through the Zoopraxiscope (as early as 1879), Muybridge's photographs are without debate, the world's first motion pictures. Men, women, children and animals are seen as in true motion, resembling nothing less in quality or appearance than the earliest works of the Lumiere's in 1895. Muybridge's final accomplishment was without Celluloid, yet fluid, preceding the commercial films of the 1890's by at least 16 years. When considering the fact that there are 172,800 + frames in a typical two hour film of today, Muybridge's 20,000 pictures, if shown consecutively (impossible with the Zoopraxiscope) would provide a film of approximately 13+ minutes in length. In comparison, The Great Train Robbery of 1912 (Edwin Porter) was 12 minutes, and Chaplin's Behind the Screen of 1916, was 15 minutes. Muybridge of course, was not using Celluloid.
1888
THOMAS ALVA EDISON (1847-1931) and EADWEARD JAMES MUYBRIDGE (1830 - 1904)
Muybridge speaks with Edison again, about the possibility of amalgamating his Zoopraxiscope with Edisonâ's Phonograph in the hopes of producing sound pictures in the future. Edison was already considering this idea in his New Jersey laboratories however it would be another forty years before becoming a reality. Muybridge had been lecturing at Orange, New Jersey at the invitation of the New England Society. On the contrary, Edison disputes this mention, or at least his notes apparently did when it was found in them that Edison scratched out the words . . . . ."No --- Muybridge came to lab to show me picture of a horse in motion -- nothing was said about phonograph."
1893
EADWEARD JAMES MUYBRIDGE (1830 - 1904)
Muybridge attends the Columbian Exposition at Chicago and provides a work entitled 'Descriptive Zoopraxography'. The Zoopraxiscope is the star of the show as Muybridge presents his work at his Zoopraxigraphicall Hall.
ZOOPRAXISCOPE WALTZING COUPLE
The Zoopraxiscope operated by projecting images (drawn from photographs in some cases) rapidly and in succession onto the screen.
The photographs were painted onto a glass disc for the Zoopraxiscope (even though the Hallotype photographic process allowed photographs to be placed onto glass). When rotated and projected within the Zoopraxiscope the spinning disk provided an illusion of motion.
A fine example of the early purpose of the Zoopraxiscope was to distinguish motion by the use of individual images. Muybridge's Zoopraxiscope Plate Disks were hand painted by Thomas Eakins and also Erwin Faber.
1900
EADWEARD JAMES MUYBRIDGE (1830 - 1904)
Having returned to his native England, Muybridge bequeathed to the Kingston-on-Thames public library, his Zoopraxiscope, some lantern slides, some plates from his University of Pennsylvania days, and some cash.
THE HISTORY OF THE DISCOVERY OF CINEMATOGRAPHY
An illustrated Chronological History of the Development of Motion Pictures Covering 2500 Years Leading to the Discovery of Cinematography in the 1800's
http://precinemahistory.net
-- Paul Burns
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