\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0

الفوقية

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\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 : \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0648

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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (ليميرت 1995 ، ريد 2006). \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a
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https://geo-house.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Anna_Julia_Cooper-1.jpg

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كوبر

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207).

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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 تقاطع

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2005 \ u201d \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629.

\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:
\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a العنصرية

\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 (فانون 1967)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 (مايلز 1989)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 (بانتون 1977)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 (غولدبرغ 2002).

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\ u0628 \ u0648 \ u064a \ u0647 \ u201d (ويبر 1978: 398).

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\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631

\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 هوية العرق: \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a
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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 الأمة: \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629
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\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 : الجنسية \ u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632
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1975 \ u2033 \u0648\u201d\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0631 Brubaker 2002 \ u2033 \u0648\u201d\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a بارث 1969 \ u201d. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644
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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 (بروبيكر 2002: 56). \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b
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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u201c\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0633 ريكس 1980 \ u201d. \ u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627
\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647
\u201c\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631\u201d \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629(سميث 1969 فيرنفال
1984 ؛ كوبر و)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 (بانتون 1967 ريكس
1970)\ u060c
\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 (مان 2994 أ ، 2004 ب). \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 (ويبر 1958) \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627
\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a.

\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629: \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648

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\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648 \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0639\u0646
\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0636\u062e\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639.

\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643

\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648: \u0645\u0646
\ u0647 \ u0645 \ u061f

\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u201c\u0623\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0648\u0644 ألبيون سمول \ u201d \u0648\u201d \u0648. \u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 Wl Thomas \ u201d (Thomas
و Zunaniek 1918 ، 1920). \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u201c\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0645\u064a\u062f 1939 جورج هربرت ميد \ u201d.
\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621
\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u201c\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u201d
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\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u201d \u0648\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0628 \u201c\u0625 . \u0648
\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0633 بورغس (Bark and Burgess 201). \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0638\u0647\u0631
\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u201c\u0625\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0648\u0632 إيفريت سي هيوز \ u201d
(1943-1984) \u0648\u201d\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0631 هربرت بلومر \ u201d (1969
\ u2013 1939). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0637\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0641
\u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u201c\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u064a\ u201d.

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u201c\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u201d \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 1914 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1936.
\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635
\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 (لال 2003). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a
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\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647. \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629
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\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0642
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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 (بانتون 1987).

\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u201c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u201d
\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629

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\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.. \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u2026\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062c\u0631 \u0641\u064a
\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0648\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0642\u062f
\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 (بارك 1950:
81).

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\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0632\u062c \u0648\u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0633 (1921) \u0623\u0646
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\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629
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\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0647\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 (بارك 1950). \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649
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\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 :
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 استيعاب

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\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0636\u0639\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u201c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u201d \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0648\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u201c\u062c\u0646\u0629
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\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 (بيرس 2005).

\u0647\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0649 : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0644
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643

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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f
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\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 (بارك 1926).

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\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a (\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1900\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628).

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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1900\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0631 \u201c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u201d \u0647\u0627\u0648\u0627\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f
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\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 (بيلي 1975). \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 (ويليامز 1989).

\ u201c\ u0631 \ u064a \ u0643 \ u0633 ريكس \ u201d \u0648\u201d\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 بانتون \ u201d

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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 (جينكينز 2005 ، ويليامز 1989).

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\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 (جينكينز 2005: 203-4).

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\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1958
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\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627.

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u201c\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 بانتون 1967: 68-76 \ u201d \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u064b\u0627
\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649
\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u201c\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u064a\u0643\u0633\u201d \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645
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\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u201c\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u201d
\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644
\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 (بانتون 1983 ؛ باروت
2006). \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f
\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628
(\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f (\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629). \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f
\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a \u201c\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0645
\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636
\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629\ u201d (بانتون 1996).

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629
\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627

\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629
\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629.
\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 (مايلز 1993) \ u0648(غولدبرغ 1990) \ u0648(غيلومين 1980) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f
\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0634\u0643 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629.

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