Statuette of a striding man

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The Art of the Middle KingdomMid-Dynasty 12 through Dynasty 13 (ca. 1900\u20131640 B.C.) A Period of Refinement By the middle of the Twelfth Dynasty, Egyptian artists were infull command of the Middle Kingdom artistic language and thetechnical means to use it. The style of this period is remarkablefor its restraint, sensitivity, and refinement. Under a centralizedgovernment in the firm hands of the Twelfth Dynasty rulers, aninfluential class of scribes and administrators had been established.Its members were sufficiently prosperous and learned to sponsor\u2014with the kings\u2014the literary and visual arts for state, religious, andfunerary purposes as well as for the embellishment of life. In thisclimate, objects of the minor arts became both extremely satisfyingto look at and imbued with meanings that the well-educated scribalEgyptian would discern and appreciate. For instance, the superblycrafted royal jewelry in this room conveys multiple ideas about therole of pharaohs and queens in the Egyptian universe. Royal Images and PortraitureFaces and bodies of earlier Twelfth Dynasty statues were idealizedand youthful; however, from the reign of Senwosret III onward,faces tended to be shown with heavy lidded eyes, prominent cheekbones, and furrowed features. These individualizing traits firstappeared in representations of kings and may well have beenbased on some real features of Senwosret III and Amenemhat III.But the new royal image also contained noticeable allusions toearly Old Kingdom representations such as the statue of King Djoserof Dynasty 3 (ca. 2649\u20132630 b.c.) from Saqqara (see below).This revival of a long-dead pharaoh\u2019s image endowed the youngerrulers with some of that king\u2019s divine and exemplary stature.When the features first seen in the images of Senwosret III beganto show up in representations of nonroyal persons of the lateTwelfth Dynasty, any trace of actual realism was gone and themessage was simply: here is an individual who strives to share theburden and dignity of the royal office. The Art of Dynasty 13The pharaohs of the Thirteenth Dynasty were less powerful thanthose of the previous dynasty, and some viziers appear to have hadmore influence than their often short-lived kings. The arts, however,continued to flourish. An impressive lifesize vizier\u2019s portrait, anumber of elegantly cloaked figures, and a relief representation ofa family are displayed farther along in this gallery. A heroicallyyouthful pharaoh\u2019s head in quartzite and some inventively decoratedvessels of the rare anhydrite stone introduce artistic traits that wereto become dominant in the following New Kingdom.

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