Instincts HWBL 01 021
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Instincts"While mobbing, a blackbird utters one or two types of calls, flicks its wings and tail and/or makes rather erratic flights near the stimulus object. During low-intensity mobbing one or more elements may drop out completely, resulting in enormous individual variation in the usage of elements. [...] \u201cDuck\u201d calls characterize low-intensity mobbing (fear, insecurity); they are accompanied by (sometimes hardly visible) wing and tail flicks which can also occur without calls" (p. 176).
Curio, E., Ulrich Ernst, and Willy Vieth. "The Adaptive Significance of Avian Mobbing: II. Cultural Transmission of Enemy Recognition in Blackbirds: Effectiveness and Some Constraints." Zeitschrift Für Tierpsychologie, 48(2), pp. 184\u2013202.
https://sci-hub.do/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1978.tb00255.x
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