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标签

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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 （莱默特 1995 年，里德 2006 年）。 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a
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https://geo-house.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Anna_Julia_Cooper-1.jpg

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库珀

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\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627\u201d \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u064a
\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644:

\ u201c\u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629
\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a
\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0634\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629\u201d\u2018（威廉姆斯 1989 年：
207）。

\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 交叉性

\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u201c\u0643\u064a\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0634\u0648 金伯尔·克伦秀
1990-91d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629
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\u0625\u064a\u0633\u064a\u062f Philomena 1991\u201d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629
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\u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u201c\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633 穆尔吉和索罗莫斯
2005年 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629.

\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:
\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a 种族化

\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 （法农 1967）\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 （迈尔斯 1989 年）\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 （班顿 1977）\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 （戈德堡 2002）。

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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 （戈德堡 2005 101）。

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\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631

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\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u201c\u062f\u064a
\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u201d（韦伯 1978 年：398）。

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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629.

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u201d
\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0632 \u201c\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 石头 2003\u201d \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629
\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645. \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629
\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631

\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 种族身份： \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a
\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643.

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a） 种族： \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a
\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a
\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627
\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627.

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 国家： \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629
\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629
\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627.

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 国籍： \ u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644.

\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627
\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a
\u0644\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a
\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0634\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644
\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628.

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062f \u201c\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 石头 2003\u2033 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a
\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0640\u201d\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631\u201d \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u201c\u0647\u064a\u0634\u062a\u064a\u0631 赫克特
1975年2033月 \u0648\u201d\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0631 布鲁贝克 2002\u2033 \u0648\u201d\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a 巴特 1969 年。 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644
\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u201c\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0631\u201d \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a 集体主义\u201d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a
\u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0647
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 （布鲁贝克 2002：56）。 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b
\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635
\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u201c\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0633 雷克斯 1980\u201d。 \ u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627
\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647
\u201c\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631\u201d \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629（史密斯 1969 年弗尼瓦尔
1984；库珀和）\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 （班顿 1967 年雷克斯
1970）\ u060c
\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 （曼 2994a，2004b）。 \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 （韦伯 1958） \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627
\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a.

\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629: \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648

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\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648 \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0639\u0646
\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0636\u062e\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639.

\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643

\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648: \u0645\u0646
\u0647\u0645\u061f

\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u201c\u0623\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0648\u0644 阿尔比恩小\u201d \u0648\u201d \u0648. \u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 Wl Thomas\u201d (Thomas
和 Zunaniek 1918, 1920)。 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u201c\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0645\u064a\u062f 1939 乔治赫伯特米德\u201d。
\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621
\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u201c\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u201d
\u0648\u201d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u063a\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a
\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u201d \u0648\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0628 \u201c\u0625 . \u0648
\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0633 Burgess\u201d（Bark 和 Burgess 1921）。 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0638\u0647\u0631
\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u201c\u0625\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0648\u0632 埃弗里特 C 休斯\u201d
（1943-1984） \u0648\u201d\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0631 赫伯特布鲁默\u201d (1969)
\u2013 1939）。 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0637\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0641
\u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u201c\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u064a\u201d。

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u201c\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u201d \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 1914 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1936.
\u0648\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635
\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 （拉尔 2003 年）。 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a
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\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647. \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629
\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627
\u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a
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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u201c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 （班顿 1987 年）。

\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u201c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u201d
\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629

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\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0648\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0642\u062f
\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 （公园 1950：
81）。

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\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 :
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 同化

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\u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0646
\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629.

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\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642
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\u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638.
\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0636\u0639\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u201c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u201d \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0648\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u201c\u062c\u0646\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0648\u062c \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f
\u201c\u062c\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u201d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0648\u0627\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629
\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 （皮尔斯 2005）。

\u0647\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0649 : \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0644
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0648\u0627\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649
\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 （公园 1926 年）。

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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 1778\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631
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\u0648\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639
\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a (\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1900\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628).

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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1900\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0631 \u201c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u201d \u0647\u0627\u0648\u0627\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f
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\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644
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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a. \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627.
\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 （贝利 1975 年）。 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 （威廉姆斯1989）。

\ u201c\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0633 雷克斯\u201d \u0648\u201d\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 班顿\u201d

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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 （詹金斯 2005 年，威廉姆斯 1989 年）。

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\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 （詹金斯 2005：203-4）。

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2006）。 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f
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\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636
\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629\u201d（班顿 1996 年）。

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629
\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627

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