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(
Gabriel 1998).





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accuracy









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UN 2006: 3).



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\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f ). (
Aldrich
1999
).





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Meyers 1997. \u0648\u0641\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629
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Meyers
1997:66
). \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629
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Johan and
sears 1971, Pease 1989, Campbell 1995
).





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\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0636\u062f\u0647\u0627 .(
Meyers 1997: 119-20)





\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a
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Hall 1981). \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644
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\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a.





\u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649
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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a 1992 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0646
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629\u201d (
Lule
1997
). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a
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\u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646
Desiree Washington \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644
\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a (1997) \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629
\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 9 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 ( \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1991- \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1992) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 500 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646
\u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u201d (
Lule 1997:382).





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\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u062b\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645
\u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u060c \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a
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\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629





\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629
\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 (
Greg Philo
& L. Beati, 1999 :181
) \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a
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\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627
\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644
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Miller 1997:27).
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Pat Buchanan \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645
2000.





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\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0643 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0634
Merril Lynch\u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0633\u0633\u0643
\u0628\u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u201d. (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0632\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627
Rizalene
Zabala
).





\u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u062d \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u062a\u0645
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a (
Entman & Rojecki, 2000) \u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0628\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a
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\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0632\u064a
Ellis Cose \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0643 ( 18 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631
2000) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636.





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\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629.





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\u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a (
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\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636.





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Stephen
Lawrence
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Gordon
and Rosenberg 1989
).





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\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2006\u060c
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Ian
Blair
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Law
2002
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The
Guardian 27 Jan 2006
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2000
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Sun
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BBC News, 11
March 2005
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