\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0

TAGS:

Download or edit the free picture \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 for GIMP online editor. It is an image that is valid for other graphic or photo editors in OffiDocs such as Inkscape online and OpenOffice Draw online or LibreOffice online by OffiDocs.

\u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u201c\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629

\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 : \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0641\u0646\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646

\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0632\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0631\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633

https://geo-house.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A-210x300.jpg

\u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1940
\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f\u062a \u201c\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646\u201d \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627. \u0648\u0648\u062c\u062f
\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646
\u064a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0641. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0634\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u201c\u0625\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629
\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u201d. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646
\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627. \u0625\u0630 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0641 \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u201d \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a. \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u201c\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0628
\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0621\u201d.
\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629.

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0628\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u201d \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644
\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0629
\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d
\u201c\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629\u201d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u201d \u0623\u0648 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u201d\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627
\u0645\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635
\u201c\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u201d. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u062a \u0645\u0639
\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639
\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u201c\u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a
\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u201d.

\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627. \u062d\u064a\u062b
\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0632\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a John Leighly\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u0632 Davis \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u0648 Guyot \u0648\u0635\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a
\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627: \u201c\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627
\u062f\u064a\u0641\u0632 \u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0636\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0645
\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646\u201d. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631
\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0647\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629
\u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627\u201d. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631(\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629) \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0627
\u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0626\u0633\u0629\u201d. \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u201c\u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0627
\u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0645\u0627
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u201d.

\u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627. \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646
\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0643\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u201c\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b
\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0621
\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u201d. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0649\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a
\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u201c\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a\u201d \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629
\u0648\u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u201d\u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629\u201d.⁽⁶⁾ \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c
\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u0635\u0644\u0629
\u0644\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0637\u064a\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a
\u201c\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629
\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644.

\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a (\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627)

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a
\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627. \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u060c \u062e\u0636\u0639\u062a \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629
\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0644 Julius Fröbel \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0631
\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0644 Oscar Peschel\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0626\u064a.
\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u2013 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632
\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636: \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 terrestrial units\u201d \u2013 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c
\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0643\u062f \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u201c\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u201d\u060c \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u201c\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648
\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u201d. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642
\u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a
\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0640 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0640 \u201c\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631
\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u201d. \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f Gerland \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629
\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631
\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649
\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u062c\u0646\u0631 Hermann Wagner \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a
\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0640 \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627
\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627.

\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u060c
\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629
\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0647\u062a\u0646\u0631 Alfred Hettner \u0628\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u062c\u0646 Tübingen (\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627) \u0641\u064a 1898 \u0639\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 Länderkunde) \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646
\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u201c\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636Erdkunde
). \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0647\u062a\u0646\u0631
\u0628\u0625\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 Geographische
Zeitschrift \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623
\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0640 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0640 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645
\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0647\u0634\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649
\u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u062a\u0646\u0631 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0641\u0632\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644
\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062e\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0639
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0638\u0644
\u0647\u062a\u0646\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0639\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646
\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629.

\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645
\u0634\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u062a\u0646\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0634\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0634\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0639\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u201c\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u201d \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0631 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u201d. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0640 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0640 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647
\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0634\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0632 Schultz \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629
\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a.

\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644
\u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0627
\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629
\u0645\u062d\u0634\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629. \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644
\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 Landschaft \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a
\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0636\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0646\u062c Mecking \u0641\u064a 1934 \u0628\u0623\u0646
\u201c\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629\u201d \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u201d. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644
\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646: \u201c\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633
\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646
\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u201d. \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c
\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629
\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627
\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629
\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649
\u201c\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u2026 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u2026 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629
\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u201d.

\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a
\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629
\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0634\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0641\u0641\u064a
\u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 (1870-1871) \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u0633 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 Jules Simon \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633. \u0641\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0634\u0643\u0644
\u201c\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u201d \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1871 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643
\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f
\u201c\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u201d.

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0647\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641
\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0640 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1870. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a
\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646
\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646\u201d \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0642 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629
\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629.

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644
\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0640 \u0631\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e \u0640 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646
\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0640 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0632\u0644.
\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a
\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629. \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u201c\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u201d \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629
\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f
\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0640 \u062a\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646
\u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0640 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c
\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0640 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 Tableau de la Geographie de la France (1903)\u201d.

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0646
\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u201c\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 Principes de Geographie Humaine (1921)\u201d \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a.
\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u201c\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u201d\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645
\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627\u201d. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0640 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u060c \u0623\u0648
\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0627 \u0640 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0623\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a
\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u201c\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645
\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627
\u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637. \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644
\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0642
\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u201c\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u201c\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u201d \u0623\u0648
\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u201d. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u201c\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629\u201d \u062d\u0642\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0634\u062c\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0639\u0646
\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u201d. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646
\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 (\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u201d) \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0640 \u0648\u0647\u064a
\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.
\u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u060c
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644: \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062e\u0631\u062c \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u062d
\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647 \u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646 Jean Brunhes \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f
\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629.

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f
\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0645. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0628
\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0640 \u0641\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0645
\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646 \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644
\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629.⁽²⁵⁾ \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627.⁽²⁶⁾ \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629.

\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0636\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629
\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629
\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646
\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621
\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a.

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 The Geddesian Circle

\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 Patrick Geddes
(1854-1932) \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627
\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629
\u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0640 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627.

\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 (1854-1932)

\u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0635\u062d 1878\u060c
\u0642\u0636\u0649 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0641 Roscoff (\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627). \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0640 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 Edmond Demolins\u0640 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u064a Frederic Le Play. \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u062f \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0643\u0633\u0644\u064a Huxley \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629
\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.

\u0648\u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u060c
\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 Les Ouvriers
Europeens\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a
\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a 1855. \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 1870\u060c \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u064a \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645
\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645
\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062c\u0644 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062f de Bonald\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0649\u0621 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a
\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u201c\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631\u201d. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a
\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0628\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a
\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639
\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645
\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a
\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0630\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a
\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u062c\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0644\u063a\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647
\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a: \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646)\u060c \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631
\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642
\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0640 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0640 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0629
\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646.

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0638\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0649
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646
\u201c\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 Geographie
Universelle\u201d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a
\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a Reclus\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0628\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649
\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c
\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u201c\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0640 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u201c\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a Valley Section\u201d \u0640 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647
\u0645\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0628\u0639\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0631\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0623\u0646
\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0640 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0640 \u0623\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a
\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a Paley \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u060c
\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u201d.

\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639
\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f
\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0640 \u064a\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0632\u0642.
\u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0639\u0637\u062a
\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a
\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0640 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0640
\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a \u0640 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644
\u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627: \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a
1919 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633
\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u2026 \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a
\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627\u201d.

\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646
\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a. \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629
\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a
\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a.
\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u0647\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0631 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647
\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u064a \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0640 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a
\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f Lewis Mumford \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629
\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0631\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0643\u0644 Haeckel \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a
\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0627 Jena\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629
\u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629.⁽⁴⁴⁾ \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a
\u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 Elan vitalé \u0643\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b
\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u062f
\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0640 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0633\u0648\u0646.

\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u201c\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u201d \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a.
\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u064a \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u201d\u060c
\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u201d\u060c \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a 1898
\u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647:

\u201c\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641
\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0633\u062f\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0647\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629
\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631
\u0639\u0645\u0642\u0627\u061b \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f
\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629\u201d.

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0646
\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0635\u064a\u063a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629
\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0633\u0631\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0640 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649
\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647.

\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u062f
\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627. \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f
\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1879 \u0640 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a
\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0646\u062f\u064a Dundee \u0641\u064a 1889 \u0640 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646
\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646.
\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.

\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0641\u064a
\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 Bartholomew and Son\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 W. and A. K. Johnston \u0640 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a
\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062c\u060c \u0628\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0631\u060c
\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0643\u0632\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629
\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a
\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632. \u062b\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0631 Challenger expedition
(1872-6) \u0640
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0640 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a
\u0625\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0633\u0648\u0646 Wyville Thompson \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064a John Murray \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0640 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0640 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0649\u0621 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646
\u0643\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0641\u0633 Ben Nevis \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645.
\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0640 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f
\u0644\u0641\u0646\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0640 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627.

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646
\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u201c\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646
\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646
\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u201d. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.
\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u062f
\u0644\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629
\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u201c\u062c\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a garden-city\u201d \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u064a\u0628\u0646\u0632\u0631 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f Ebenezer Howard. \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0643\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646
\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0640 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0640 \u201c\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627
\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u062d\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636
\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0643\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629\u201d. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f
\u0628\u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629. \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0633\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631
\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0646\u0629.

\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0627\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0640 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a\u201d
\u0648\u201d\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0640 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u201c\u0644\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u201d
\u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644
\u0644\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0631 Mellor: \u201c\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637
\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629
\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0623\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629
\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u201d. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a James Court \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647
\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629
\u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629.

\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0639
\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 (\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u0646: \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629
\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0634\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u201d) \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a
\u062a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639
\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644
\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u201d. \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637
\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0645
\u201c\u0628\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 Outlook Tower\u201d \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0631\u0647\u060c (\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a
\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a) \u0643\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645
\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0631\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a
\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0643\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u201d. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644
\u0641\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a
\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0640 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a
1917 \u0640 \u201c\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u2026 \u0648\u0644\u0645
\u064a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0627 \u2026 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0627. \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629\u201d.

\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0649
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0649\u0621
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1904\u060c \u0646\u0623\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0641
\u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u201d\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0636\u0644
\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u201d. \u0648\u0642\u062f
\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645
\u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0644\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0628 \u0640 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0640 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649
\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u201c\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0646\u0627\u201d. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a
\u201c\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u201d. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c
\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627.

\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a
\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u062d \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643
\u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u0644\u062a Charles Flahault \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0628\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a 1893. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645
\u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 Man and His Work\u201d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649
\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a
\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631. \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0640 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629\u201d\u060c \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632\u0629\u201d
\u0648\u201d\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629\u201d \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0639\u064a
\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0629
\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u2026 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u201d. \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u201c\u0628\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e \u0640 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u201c\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629\u201d \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0635
\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u201d\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u201d.

\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0646
\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0641\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646. \u0641\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644
\u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0643\u0643 \u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u201c\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647
\u0639\u0628\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627.\u201d \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0640 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631
\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0640 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0649\u0621
\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649
\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646.

\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627
\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628
\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631 Herbert John Fleure
(1877-1969) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628
\u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647.
\u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0646 \u0641\u064a
1914\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a
\u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u062b Aberystwyth\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u201c\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u201d \u0648\u201d\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u064a\u201d\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f
\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633. \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a
\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0642. \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 Geography and Evolution\u201d \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633\u201d\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627
\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 Sociological Review. \u0648\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628
\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u201c\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631
\u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633\u201d.

\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633
\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u060c\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a
\u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f
\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0640 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a \u0640 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643
\u201c\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u201d. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630
\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1899 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644
\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c
\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u201c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629\u201d \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u201c\u0636\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u2026 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0629\u201d\u061b \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u201c\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0646
\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0628\u064a\u0626\u062a\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627\u201d. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u063a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u062b. \u0641\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1908 \u06481910\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646
\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u061b \u0648\u0641\u064a 1910 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u061b \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a 1917 \u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629
\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a: \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0640 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629
\u201c\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u201d \u0640 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0631
\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u061b \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629\u201d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a
\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0627
\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u064a\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0627\u201d. \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631
\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629
\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0627
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0633\u0643\u064a) \u0639\u0644\u0649
\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621\u201d \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0640 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631
\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0631\u063a\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629
\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.

\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645. \u0641\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646
\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f
\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u201c\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629
\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627. \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a
\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0644\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u201d.⁽⁸⁴⁾ \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a
\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0645\u0628\u0644 \u201c\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 Influences of
Geographical Environment\u201d \u0647\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0636\u0627: \u201c\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u064a
\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 Elan Vital\u201d\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648
\u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u201d.
\u0648\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u201c\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a Valley Section\u201d \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627
\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c
\u0648\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u064a 1917 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 Regions Humaines\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629
\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u201c\u062d\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 Annales de
Geographie\u201d. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646
\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646
\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0642\u062d\u0629 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 Scottish Geographical
Magazine \u0628\u0639\u062f
\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646.

\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631
\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646
\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f
\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0644\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u061b \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633
\u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645. \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u201d \u0648\u201d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d
\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629
\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0640 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b
\u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c
\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0646\u0639\u062a \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631
\u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647
\u201c\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627
\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0639\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628\u201d.

\u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a.
\u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u201d \u0640 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0640 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a
\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a.

\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629
\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627. \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645. \u0641\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0647 \u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631
\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629
\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a
\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646.

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631
\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647 \u0641\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1918 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0631\u0628\u0644\u064a Ripley \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a: \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u201d\u060c
\u0648\u201d\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0628\u064a\u201d\u060c \u0648\u201d\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u201d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641
\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 Marion: \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u062c\u0646 Newbigin\u2019s Modern
Geography\u201d \u0641\u064a
1911. \u0641\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629
\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0639\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0640 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629
\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a \u0640 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629
\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629
\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u201c\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0632\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u063a\u0632\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646
\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0646\u0627\u060c
\u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062f\u201d. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0641\u062a \u201c\u062d\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u201d \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062d
\u0634\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u062a\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629
\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634 Rich \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639\u201d.

\u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0634\u0643\u0647 \u0641\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0642 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a
\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0632. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0639
\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u201d \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0636\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u201d\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0643\u0633 Cyril Fox \u0639\u0646 \u201c\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0629 [\u0648] \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u201d\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0644 \u062f\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a Maurice Barres. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629\u201d \u0640
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0640 \u0628\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0633
\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.

\u0648\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631
\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627
\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u201c\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627
\u062a\u0645 \u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0629 \u064a\u0641\u0634\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0648\u0646
\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628\u201d. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f
\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0648 John Beddoe \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629
\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0648
\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a 1885. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0648 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0645
\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646
\u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646.
\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633 Franz Boas \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0643\u0644
\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u201c\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d
\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u201d.

\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644
\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u062b\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f Darryl Forde\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0645\u062c
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648
\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0632 Estyn Evans \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629
\u0623\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f
\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u201d.⁽¹¹⁰⁾ \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631
\u0625\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0632 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u201c\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a
\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u201d. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0633\u062a\u064a\u062f J. F. Unstead\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645
\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0628\u064a P. M. Roxby\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0629\u201d \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a H. C. Darby\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646
\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062d \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0634\u0649\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a
\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0634\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647
\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0630\u0644\u0629.

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u060c
\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627
\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644
\u062f\u064a\u0641\u0632 \u060c \u0633\u0645\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0646\u062a\u0646\u062c\u062a\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0648\u0641. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a
\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a 1928 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629
\u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u201d. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629
\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u064a \u201c\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a Lowie \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u201c\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629
\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u201d.

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u201c\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a The Mind of Primitive
Man\u201d \u0639\u0646
\u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.
\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u201c\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627
\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u201d. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645
\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a 1888 \u0639\u0646 \u201c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 The Study of Geography\u201d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0647
\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0632\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c
\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0628\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u201d \u0647\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0644\u062f\u062a\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0632\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646
\u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u201d \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0646\u062c Stocking\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0640 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629.

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u062a\u0628
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633 Franz Boas
(1858-1942) \u0647\u0630\u0627
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0634\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0636\u062f
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u201c\u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628
\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u201d. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629
\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627. \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647
\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a 1881 \u0628\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632
\u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0645\u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627.

\u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633
\u0628\u0628\u0639\u062b\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f Baffinland \u0641\u064a 1883\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0627
\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645
\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0647 \u062a\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0634\u0631 Theobald Fischer. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0631\u0648\u062d
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647
\u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647 \u201c\u0628\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f Baffin-Land\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647
\u0628\u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0632\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0636\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627
\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647
\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 1886 \u0640 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0644 Kwakiutl\u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0640
\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a.

\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646
\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645
\u062f\u064a\u0644\u062b\u064a Wilhelm Dilthey. \u0641\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u062b\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0629
\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u062b\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645
\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u201d\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645\u201d. \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646
\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631.
\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u201c\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0632\u0639\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f
\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645\u201d. \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0648 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 Benno Erdmann (\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631
\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0631 Schlüter\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627) \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f
\u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u201d. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0637\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u062b\u064a.

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u062b\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0635 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a 1888\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0647
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u062b\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u201c\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646
\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u0641\u0647\u0645\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649
\u201c\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u201d \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u201d. \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u201c\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0649\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629\u201d\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f
\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0644\u062b\u064a. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629
\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645.

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a Robert H. Lowie \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631 Alfred L. Kroeber\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631
(\u0634\u0643\u0644 14) \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0644\u064a.⁽¹²⁸⁾ \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646
\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631
\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646
\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u201c\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u201d.
\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644
\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631

\u0648\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633
\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0646\u0637\u064a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0632\u0644. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627
\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0628\u0644 Semple \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f
\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646
\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a
\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0640 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u0640 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0647\u0634\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a
\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u201c\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 Encyclopedia of the
Social Sciences\u201d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a
\u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a 1934. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629
\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633
\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646
\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0644 Mikesell \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649
\u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0627 \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u064a\u062a Spate \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062a\u0646\u062c\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u201c\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u2026
\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u201d.⁽¹³³⁾ \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649
\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c
\u0641\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0645\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a
\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0640 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0626 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0640 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a
\u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u201d. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0627
\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627
\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a.

\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u060c
\u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0628\u062a\u0647
\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631. \u0641\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a
\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0646
\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u062a\u0646\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f
\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629 (\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0648\u0646) \u0643\u0627\u0646
\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627. \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649\u201d \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u201c\u0641\u0626\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621\u201d \u201c\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u201d\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0647\u062a\u0646\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631
\u0644\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646\u0647
\u0634\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u201d \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u201c\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c
\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0636\u064a\u201d \u0644\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u201c\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a
\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0627\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u201c\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u201d \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0648\u0641\u062a\u0646 Richthoften \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643
\u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u201c\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0628 The Morphology of
Landscape\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a
\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a 1925 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0631\u062c Passarge \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627
\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0644\u0631 Clark Wissler \u0640 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629
\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646
\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u201d.

\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631
\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629
\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a Richert\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0644\u062b\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a 1934
\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u201c\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u201d. \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627\u061f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f
\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u201c\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c
\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a
\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u2026 \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629
\u0628\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632. \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627
\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u201d. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0648 Camille Vallaux \u0648\u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648 \u0634\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0631 Otto Schlüter \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u064a
\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u201c\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629\u201d \u0640 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a.

\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0627
\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0646 Entrikin \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645
\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a Leighly \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631
\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a Rollin D. Salisbury \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a
\u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0633 H. C. Cowles. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0639
\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649
\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631. \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062b\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f
\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644
\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0626\u0644 \u0640 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0640 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644. \u0648\u0641\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0649\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u201d. \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u201c\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629\u201d \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646
\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u201c\u0634\u0649\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u201d\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0640 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0637
\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0646\u0631 \u0640 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u201c\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u062d\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u201c\u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0647\u201d \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u201d. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0647 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0648\u062a\u064a Frank Aydelotte \u0641\u064a 1938) \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0631\u063a\u0628
\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u201c\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649
\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u201d \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627.

\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a
\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0640 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0640 \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629.
\u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f
\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649
\u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631
\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u061b \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643
\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646
\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627
\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627
\u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643
\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627
\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a.

\u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628
\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631
\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0648\u0646
\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629
\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627
\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629
\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0645.

Free picture \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 integrated with the OffiDocs web apps