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\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627(\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627)\u060c \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631
\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a (Poliakov 1975). \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 (1500) \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0641\u0649
\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 (Edwards 1994). \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0632\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 (bauman 1989) (\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0629 palestinianisation\u060c \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u060c
\u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633)

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\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0649 \u0644\u0639\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0645 \u201cThe Curse of Ham\u201d\u060c (\u0641\u0649 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0641\u0649 \u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062d\u0627\u062d
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0627\u062a 18-25. \u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c
\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646 (Goldenberg 2003). \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0631\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646. \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f
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\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0649 1971\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644
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\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2000 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a
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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627) \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631
\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 Moors) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u060c
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f (Jahoda, 1992, 17) \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f
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\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0649\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u201d \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629
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1400: 1800\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u201c\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a
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1997). \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a
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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a (Dikotter 1997: 2). \u0641\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644
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  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0628\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649
  \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 (Jones 2006: 70:85).

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\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:

• \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646 (1492-1650) \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u062a
  \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648



• \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u062c (1650-1770) \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0648
  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0649\u060c
  \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629



• \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 (1770-1888) \u0648\u0647\u0649
  \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645
  1888 (Karras and McNeill 1992)

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\u201c\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631\u201d (Mann 2005:4). \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a
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• \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0637
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  \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629.



• \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0628\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644
  \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.



• \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649
  \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0642\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a



• \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629
  \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627
  \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641.

\u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0633\u062f \u0641\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 (\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627)\u060c
\u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646
\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629, \u0648\u0641\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u201d\u0645\u0627\u0646\u201d:

\u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0623\u062a \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1804 \u0643\u0627\u0646
\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 4.500 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0649 \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 80 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646
\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1869\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0622\u062e\u0631
\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1876\u060c \u0641\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0638\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0646(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646).
\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u201c\u062d\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0635\u064a\u062f\u201d \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629
\u0647\u0646\u0627.. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0646
\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645. (Mann 2005: 83)

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0649: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f

\u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629
(\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629
\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 Winant 2001 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0628\u060c
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0639\u0649 Maroonage\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631
\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u062d \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f
\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627
\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645
\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 Reflexivity \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644\u0646\u0627
\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644:

• \u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u201d \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629
  \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f.



• \u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u201d \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628
  \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621, \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0649 \u0641\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629.



• \u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u201d \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629
  \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629(Hesse 1999).

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629

\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629
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\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f (1903)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0649
\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u201d \u062b\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u201c\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629
\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646\u201d (Du Bois 2: 1903) \u0648\u0641\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0646
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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u201c\u0647\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646
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\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Lewis 2000: 550) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629
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\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0637\u0648\u0639\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b
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\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u201d \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u062c\u0649\u201d (1903).
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\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0630\u0647\u0628\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 Lemmert
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\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0647 Toussaint L\u2019overture \u0641\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u064a\u062a\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644
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\u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621\u201d Negritude. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646 Marttican \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0631 Aime Cesaire \u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644
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\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 l\u2019etudiant noir (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f). \u0648\u0642\u062f
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McKay \u064a\u0634\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629
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\u0644\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0631. \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0631 Cesaire \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0636\u0639
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\u0648\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f. \u0641\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u201c\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629\u201d \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a
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2003: 45). \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629
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\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0648 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 (Fanon 1967).

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